2^nd Global Experts Meeting on Infectious Diseases February 27-28, 2019 | Radisson Hotel Narita | Tokyo, Japan

\r\n Infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites through direct contact, indirect contact, insect bites and food contamination. Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and symptoms common to many infectious diseases include fever, diarrhea, fatigue and muscle aches.

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\r\n Infection Control in a health care facility is prevention of the spread of microorganisms from one individual to another individual to prevent these infectious diseases problems frequent hand washing, infection outbreak, water and food in hospital must be maintained

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\r\n Pediatric infectious diseases/ childhood infectious diseases are the infectious diseases which are caused in children of different age groups. Pediatric infectious diseases specialist’s takes care of the infections occurring in children and the treatment methods vary for children from adults

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\r\n Viruses are like hijackers. They invade normal living cells and use those cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves. This can kill, damage, or change the cells and make sick. Different viruses attack certain cells in your body such as your liver, respiratory system, or blood.

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\r\n Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that live almost everywhere. Bacteria live in every climate and location on earth. Some are airborne while others live in water or soil. Bacteria live on and inside plants, animals, and people. The word "bacteria" has a negative connotation, but bacteria perform many vital functions for organisms and in the environment.

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\r\n Fungal Infectious Diseases are often caused by fungi that are common in the environment. Most fungi are not dangerous, but some types can be harmful to health. Mild fungal skin diseases can look like a rash and are very common. Fungal diseases in the lungs are often similar to other illnesses such as the flu or tuberculosis. Some fungal infections like fungal meningitis and bloodstream infections are less common than skin and lung infections but can be deadly.

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\r\n Germs can cause infection in human blood and diseases are known as blood borne pathogens. The most common and dangerous germs spread through blood within the hospital are viral hepatitis B and hepatitis c virus. These viruses cause infections and liver injury. This virus cause AIDS. Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, prions, and parasites will be transmitted through blood transfusions.

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\r\n The infectious disease epidemiology encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, clinical trials, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The broad range to search the novel pathogens using advanced molecular techniques to longitudinal population-based studies to define transmission dynamics and spectrum of disease and survival. Approaches are employed in an interdisciplinary fashion to define etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, and prevention/treatment potential.

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\r\n Global market report of infectious diseases is a complete study of current trends in the infectious diseases therapeutic and diagnostic market, industry growth drivers, advanced therapies and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology for infection diagnosis and treatment. Market reports also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.

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\r\n Tropical diseases encompass all diseases that occur solely in the tropics. In practice, the term is often taken to refer to infectious diseases that thrive in hot, humid conditions, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, and dengue.

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\r\n There are a number of infections and cancers that can develop in people who are living with HIV. There are infections that can be life threatening. These are also known as opportunistic infections. The more common life-threatening infections include a lung infection called Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), an eye infection caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), a brain infection called toxoplasmosis, and a generalized infection called Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Cancers that are more common include Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lung cancer, skin cancer, anal cancer, cervical and vaginal cancer in women, and testicular and prostate cancer in men. These cancers can often be successfully treated if they occur in people with HIV who maintain healthy immune systems with HIV treatment.

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\r\n An investigation of key characteristics of viruses, bacteria and other micro-organisms causing infections in humans. The mechanisms by which micro-organisms cause disease and evade the immune system are considered. It then explores the principle components of the immune system, describing the molecules and cells that protect against infection and cancer, and their contribution to innate and adaptive immune responses.

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\r\n Pandemic, epidemic and endemic infectious diseases are united by a common problem to identify potential pharmacological interventions to treat infections. The large numbers of emerging and neglected infectious diseases are badly affecting the poorest members of the global society; new ways are required to develop high productivity discovery systems that can be applied to a large number of pathogens. The basis for developing methods to prioritize a priori potential drug targets analyzes the pharmacological landscape of an infectious disease.

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\r\n These sciences are used to control human health through monitoring and control of zoonotic disease, infectious disease transmitted from non-human animals to humans, food safety, and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research food supply is through livestock health monitoring and treatment, and mental health by keeping pet’s healthy and long living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists.

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\r\n Antimicrobials/ antibiotics/ antibacterial are the drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Few antibiotics possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza and their inappropriate use allows the emergence of resistant organisms.

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\r\n An infection developed in hospital by a patient who was admitted in a hospital for a reason other than infection. Measures of infection control include identifying patients at risk of nosocomial infections, observing hand hygiene, following standard precautions to reduce transmission and strategies to reduce VAP, CR-BSI and environmental factors and architectural lay out also need to be emphasized upon. Infection prevention in special care of patients – burns / Wounded patients, include identification of sources of organism, isolation if required, antibiotic prophylaxis to be used selectively, early removal of necrotic tissue, prevention of tetanus, early nutrition and surveillance. Nosocomial infection prevention measures should be strengthened among the hospital staff and inpatients in designated healthcare settings that accommodate suspected cases suffering from emerging or unknown infectious diseases.

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\r\n Sepsis/ septicemia is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection injures its own tissues and organs and the signs and symptoms of sepsis include fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, confusion, cough with pneumonia and painful urination with a kidney infection. Severe sepsis causes poor organ function or insufficient blood flow. Insufficient blood flow may be evident by low blood pressure, high blood lactate and low urine output. Septic shock means the low blood pressure which occurs due to sepsis that does not improve even after injecting reasonable amounts of intravenous fluids.

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\r\n Ebola viral infection is caused by virus transmitted through body fluids and through air. It occurs rarely but it is very deadly which results in death and outbreak. Ebola virus disease symptoms are very severe which appears in 2-3 days. Ebola primary symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscular pain and headaches then followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, decreased function of the liver and kidneys then loss of blood internally and externally finally leading to low blood pressure and fluid loss resulting in death.  Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. People with zika virus disease can have symptoms including mild fever, skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain and malaise or headache

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\r\n Neuro infectious diseases are the infectious diseases which are observed in the nervous system. Viral and immune mediated disorders of the nervous system are among the most challenging neurological disorders. The most common neuro immune disorder is multiple sclerosis and HIV is the most common viral infection of the nervous system.

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\r\n Vaccines are the products that can produce immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism.

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\r\n Infectious diseases prevention and control is helpful to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Aseptic technique is normally applied to prevent the infections caused by different means. Sterilization is another process of killing microorganisms by the application of heat. Disinfection is the process of killing harmful microorganisms. Some infectious diseases can be prevented by avoiding direct contact with the contagious person. Infections can also be controlled and prevented by creating public awareness on various infectious diseases and their outbreaks. Infections can be cured by various antimicrobials.

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\r\n Epidemiology studies the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions. It is the cornerstone of public health and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, data collection, statistical analysis of data, interpretation and dissemination. Epidemiology helped to develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies and to a lesser extent basic research in the biological sciences.

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\r\n Medical diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. Laboratory tests may identify organisms directly (e.g., visually, using a microscope growing the organism in culture) or indirectly (e.g., identifying antibodies to the organism). General types of tests include microscopy, culture and immunologic tests (agglutination tests such as latex agglutination, enzyme immunoassays, western blot, precipitation tests and complement fixation tests) and nucleic acid/ no- nucleic acid-based identification methods. Sub types of diagnoses include clinical, laboratory, radiology, principal and admitting diagnosis. Advanced methods have been implemented to diagnose the infection in any part of the body. Examples include biomarkers/ Elisa test/ chest x ray/ skin biopsy/ Tympanometry and tympanocentesis.

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\r\n Treatment of viral infections such as HIV involves patient care and moral support including antiretroviral therapy. Bacterial infections can be treated by administering antibiotics to the patients. Yeast infections can be primarily treated by sterilization methods. Parasitic infections can be treated by antiparasitic drugs. Diseases such as cancer can be treated by chemotherapy. Recent techniques have proved that there is no disease that cannot be treated.

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